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KDP-aligned security forces reject allegations of foul play over death of PUK member in Erbil
The security directorate in Erbil has refuted allegations made by some media outlets and the PUK regarding the death of a civilian, Zirak Ali Mohammed.
According to a statement released hours after a PUK press conference, the KDP's Asayish said that Mohammed had previously attempted to extort money from a business. In response to this alleged crime, the Asayish brought Mohammed to their headquarters.
Despite allegations from Mohammed's family and the PUK that he was arrested and assaulted by security forces, the KDP maintains that he was taken to their headquarters without incident. According to the KDP, after a preliminary investigation, Mohammed was allowed to call his family and inform them of his location.
The statement explains that Mohammed's health later deteriorated and he was transported to a hospital, where he passed away. In accordance with the family's wishes, Mohammed's body was transferred to the Erbil Forensic Center and a forensic team from Sulaymaniyah was called to investigate his cause of death.
Erbil's security forces deny the family's allegations of torture signs on Mohammed's body, asserting that forensic evidence indicates he died of a heart stroke with no physical assault signs.
They've expressed readiness to involve other political parties and NGOs in investigating the circumstances of Mohammed's death. It accuses 'certain media outlets' and a political party of exploiting Mohammed's death for their own interests.
Erbil's Asayish urges political parties to refrain from spreading false information or taking any action until the investigation results are available.
Mohammed's family has not yet responded to the statement, though they have previously alleged that Mohammed showed signs of torture and had no prior disputes or pre-existing medical conditions.
The PUK has announced plans to file a lawsuit against the Erbil Asayish. Majid Mohammed Amin, head of the PUK's Erbil HQ, stated at a press conference that the PUK has filed a lawsuit and notified the Judicial Council, prosecutor general, interior ministry, and local and international organizations.
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Azerbaijan to establish consulate in Erbil, boosting diplomatic presence
Nasir Mammadov, the Charge d'Affaires of the Azerbaijan Embassy in Iraq, has announced plans to establish a General Consulate of Azerbaijan in Erbil in the near future during a meeting with KRG PM Masrour Barzani.
The primary objective of their discussion was to "strengthen the ties between the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and the Republic of Azerbaijan," according to the official KRG website.
PM Barzani expressed the Kurdistan region's "eagerness to cultivate and broaden relations" with Azerbaijan.
This isn't the first time that Azerbaijan has signaled its intent to open a consulate in Erbil. During the Munich Security Conference in February this year, Kurdistan Region President Nechirvan Barzani and Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev stressed the importance of expanding relations between their respective regions. Aliyev extended an official invitation to Barzani to visit Baku, concurrently announcing Baku's intention to open a consulate in the Kurdistan Region in the near future.
The pair also met on the sidelines of President Erdogan's inauguration in Turkey last week.
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Two PKK fighters killed – Turkish defence ministry
The Turkish defense ministry claims that two Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) members were "neutralized" in the Kurdistan Region on Wednesday.
According to a report from the state-owned Anadolu Agency, two individuals suspected to be members of the PKK were said to have been "neutralized" in the Avasin region of Northern Iraq during an air operation conducted by the Turkish Armed Forces.
Both the Turkish state and its media use the term "neutralize" in reference to the killing or arrest of PKK members.
The National Defense Ministry was quoted in the report as saying, "Our Turkish Armed Forces have neutralized two individuals, detected in the Avasin region in northern Iraq, during an air operation."
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Bwar News: Iranian demands over opposition camps in KR rejected
Bwar News reports that, following visits to Iran by Iraqi and Kurdish security officials, Tehran's demand to close their bases and relocate to three specific camps — two in Erbil and one in Sulaymaniyah — has been rebuffed.
The report indicates that officials from both the KDP and PUK have suggested to the Iranian Kurdish opposition leaders that such a move would afford them better protection.
Abdullah Mohtadi, leader of the Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan, disclosed in a BBC HARDTalk interview with Stephen Sackur that the KRG has advised these groups to moderate their activities and refrain from engaging in armed conflicts with Tehran.
In response to rumors about a possible agreement between the KRG and Tehran to expel Komala and other Kurdish fighters from the Kurdistan Region, Mohtadi emphasized that his party avoids any armed conflict with Tehran.
Recently, unverified reports have surfaced about a deadline supposedly imposed by Iranian authorities for the KRG to disarm Iranian Kurdish opposition groups. Amid speculation of a military build-up near the Iraqi Kurdistan border, these groups face the threat of renewed attacks in northern Iraq.
These Iranian Kurdish opposition groups include the Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran (KDPI), Organisation of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle (Khabat), The Kurdistan Freedom Party (PAK), and Free Life Party of Kurdistan (PJAK).
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Police investigating death of Erbil family
This afternoon, residents of Erbil were stunned by news of the death of a family under mysterious circumstances, with both police and Assayish forces urgently investigating the incident.
Amid political tensions in Iraq and Kurdistan, local media outlets reported on the tragic event, focusing on the family of three who were found stabbed to death in their home in Erbil's Mamzawa neighborhood.
The imam of the neighborhood mosque, who had interacted with the head of the household during worship sessions, spoke with Rudaw: "I don't know their names, but the man was Kurdish, around 60 to 70 years old. The wife was Arab, between 50 to 60 years old, and they had a 10-year-old boy."
According to the imam, the man regularly attended the mosque, but his absence from noon and morning prayers raised suspicions that the tragedy may have occurred overnight.
The family had recently moved to the neighborhood, and the grim discovery was made by a worker who had an afternoon appointment with them. After finding the bodies, he promptly alerted the security authorities. The director of Erbil Police was subsequently dispatched to the scene.
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KRG cabinet demands 'unity' in Baghdad
Amid ongoing negotiations with Baghdad, the KRG is urging all Kurdish factions in the Iraqi Parliament to adopt a "unified stance and coordinate their efforts to safeguard the constitutional rights of the Kurdistan region in the Iraqi budget."
At its ordinary weekly cabinet meeting today, the KRG cabinet issued a statement expressing support for the previous agreement between the KRG and the Iraqi government. This agreement, based on legal, scientific, and equitable principles, was the outcome of intensive negotiations.
Additionally, the KRG cabinet discussed efforts to resume the KRG's oil exports and implementing its agreements with the Iraqi government. Turkey has been blocking Kurdish oil exports for months now.
Beyond these internal matters, the KRG extended congratulations to Recep Tayyip Erdogan on his re-election, expressing hope for improved relations between the Kurdistan region and Turkey based on principles of good neighborliness and mutual interests.
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Just In: Agreement on articles 13 and 14 reached – reports
KDP-affiliated Kurdistan 24 reports that an agreement has been reached regarding articles 13 and 14 of the Kurdistan Region's share of the budget during today's meeting among the members of the State Administration Alliance.
KDP ministers in Iraq's federal government, Fuad Hussein and Bangin Rekani, along with the KDP's deputy speaker of the Iraqi parliament, Shakhawan Abdulla, participated in the meeting to discuss the KRG's share in the Iraqi budget.
Kurdistan 24 states: "All parties in the ruling coalition have agreed to approve the budget bill tomorrow." It adds, "The Kurdish parties have reached an initial agreement on the points of disagreement in order to approve the budget." The details of the agreement have not yet been revealed.
Here is an excerpt from today's cabinet meeting on the contentious budget bill:
In the first item of the meeting, the Prime Minister highlighted the latest developments in the Iraqi budget bill for the years 2023-2025 and the efforts to resume oil exports within the framework of the agreement signed between the KRG and the federal government.
The Council of Ministers reaffirmed its support for the agreement between the KRG and the federal government on the budget. The agreement, which is the result of intensive discussions and is based on legal, scientific, and fair principles, is meant to secure the constitutional rights and financial entitlements of the people of the Kurdistan Region.
The KRG has urged all Kurdish factions in the Iraqi parliament to defend the constitutional rights and financial entitlements of the Kurdistan Region in the federal budget bill.
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Mohammed Jaff, the elder brother of Hawkar Jaff, has repudiated his other sibling's statement earlier today, pressing his role as the 'elder brother' and representative of the Jaff family. He has told reporters that his younger brother has misunderstood the situation and expressed hope that he will reunite with the family. He has also claimed that another brother, Sirwan Jaff, is currently under duress from the PUK.
Despite the family strife, both brothers have concurred on the formation of an international investigative team to unearth the truth. However, the feasibility of such a move remains unclear due to the infrequency of such independent investigations.
Mohammed Jaff has accused certain individuals within the PUK, whom he has termed as "the mafia running the PUK", of instigating the family discord. He has threatened to present "evidence, including voice recordings", to an international court."
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The President of Iraq has issued a statement addressing the ongoing discussions surrounding the Iraqi budget. The President emphasized that approving the budget is a crucial step towards meeting the construction and development needs of the country and implementing sustainable development initiatives.
President Latif Rashid urges the Iraqi parliament to promptly approve the proposed budget. He stated that the government is prepared to review and approve the budget as soon as it is sent to them.
The President expressed concern that any further delay in passing the federal budget would impede the government's work and activities. This could potentially result in failure to fulfill commitments made to meet the needs of the Iraqi people.
Full statement:
Our people are following with interest the efforts made to pass the general budget as it is a crucial step toward securing construction and building requirements in our country and is essential to implement the country's sustainable development and complement the basic services that are needed by the various Iraqi cities and governorates.
While welcoming the convention of the parliament's session, scheduled to be held on Thursday, June 8, 2023, to approve the general budget, we are cherishing the efforts made together by the Council of Ministers and the Parliament in achieving progress toward approving the budget. In addition, we are going to work and approve it on time, as soon as being sent to us.
But on the other hand, any further delay in the passage of the federal budget would hinder the government's work and activities and may lead to the failure of commitments made to meet the Iraqi people's needs.
Therefore, we are waiting for a clear and final decision that should be made by the Iraqi Lawmakers to approve the general budget.
However, major tasks are still ahead of the Iraqi parliament. And these should be carried out to meet Iraqi citizens' needs, improve living standards, render better public services, and ensure that budget items would be effectively applied in rebuilding the country's construction.
The President of the Republic of Iraq,
Abdullatif Jamal Rashid.
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New twists in the Hawkar Jaff story as brothers give conflicting accounts
New details are surfacing after the recent ruling by a court in Erbil which sentenced several PUK security officials to death in absentia.
A second brother of the deceased Hawkar Jaff has voiced his criticism of the ruling, calling it "politically motivated," revealing rifts within the Jaff family. Our coverage has extensively examined the court's ruling and the subsequent reactions from the PUK, including a public honoring of the convicts by PUK leader Bafel Talabani.
To refresh your memory about this case, a significant bone of contention between the KDP and PUK: Hawkar Jaff, a colonel in the Counter-Terrorism Group (CTG), had close ties with PUK's deposed co-president Lahur Sheikh Jangi Talabany. Jaff was dismissed from the CTG during a purge led by PUK leader Bafel Talabani in 2021. On October 7, 2022, Jaff was assassinated after a sticky bomb attached to his vehicle detonated as he was departing from his Erbil home. The KDP-controlled Kurdistan Region Security Council (KRSC) implicated the PUK's CTG and its head, Wahab Halabjay, in the assassination.
Hawkar's brother, Sirwan Jaff, has issued a statement (with some difficulty), rejecting many of the assertions made by his other brother, Mohammed Jaff. Official PUK media outlets have extensively covered this development, whereas KDP-affiliated outlets have disregarded it.
Sirwan has expressed his family's continued loyalty to the PUK, in the same way (he claims) Hawkar was. He rejects any "unilateral ruling" and urges the formation of an international committee to investigate the case. He also suggests that the true suspect in the case is being shielded, possibly by the KDP, and insists that the family possesses "concrete evidence" regarding his brother's killer. However, he will only share this evidence with a joint investigative team.
Regarding KDP-PUK budget disputes, Sirwan stated, "I want the public to know that our case would have been treated differently if the PUK and KDP had reached an agreement in Baghdad. This is evidence that the case of the martyr Hawkar Jaff has been misdirected."
The court's ruling, emblematic of the collapse in recent KDP-PUK agreements on several other issues, follows disputes between the two parties over the Kurdistan Region's elections and Iraq's budget bill. Sirwan Jaff has also appealed to foreign missions in the Kurdistan Region to support a fair trial and not remain silent on the case.
The PUK had previously called for a joint committee to investigate the incident and has denounced trials and the court's ruling as politically motivated—a claim supported by independent observers who say both the KDP and PUK influence the judiciary in their respective zones.
This new twist contradicts previous statements by Mohammed Jaff, who claimed the court's ruling was not political and thanked KRG and KDP officials for their support. The PUK now possesses a counter-argument, further muddying the waters.
All these developments make it increasingly difficult for the truth to emerge and for the family to find closure over the assassination. Like other politically contested cases, this one continues to erode public trust in the Kurdistan Region's judiciary.
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TotalEnergies advances plans to build 1,000 MW solar power project in Iraq
As reported by Zawya Projects citing a statement from the Iraqi Electricity Ministry, France's TotalEnergies is advancing its plans to build a 1,000 megawatt solar power project in Iraq. The solar park project falls under a $27 billion framework agreement between Iraq and France, signed in September 2021.
In a meeting held in Baghdad on Monday, Electricity Minister Ziad Ali Fadhil greenlit the project, set to be located in the southern port of Basra, following discussions with a delegation from TotalEnergies.
The statement disclosed, "TotalEnergies is poised to commence the construction of a 1,000 MW solar power park in the Artawi oilfield in Basra... This project heralds the beginning of a promising partnership between Iraq and the French company."
The agreement encompasses three contracts between the Iraqi Ministry of Oil and TotalEnergies, with a fourth contract dedicated specifically to the solar energy project in Basra.
In April 2023, TotalEnergies had announced in a press release its collaboration with ACWA Power, per an agreement with Iraqi authorities, to build a 1-gigawatt solar power plant for delivering electricity to the Basrah regional grid.
Iraq has unveiled plans to build several solar power stations in an effort to decrease energy imports and has signed comparable agreements with other companies such as Masdar, based in Abu Dhabi, and ACWA Power from Saudi Arabia.
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Negotiations in Baghdad over budget bill continue – head of KDP's bloc in federal parliament
While controversies continue to swirl around the proposed Iraqi budget, the KDP in the Iraqi parliament has indicated that they are in negotiations with Baghdad to reach an agreement, urging political parties to adhere to their previous agreements with Baghdad.
Viyan Sabri, the head of the KDP bloc in the Iraqi parliament, affirmed their commitment to "implementing the previous agreement between Iraq's State Administration Alliance and the KRG without any changes, and we are very close to reaching an agreement on this basis."
The KRG is currently in negotiations with Baghdad regarding its specified share in Articles 13 and 14 of the Iraqi budget bill. However, according to Sabri, they "have not yet reached a final agreement."
Regarding the finance committee meeting, she informed Kurdistan 24 that there is no specific timeframe for the committee's meeting due to disagreements over "transferring employees from one ministry to another and adding 25 additional articles to the proposed budget."
Sabri emphasizes that a compromise will be reached on the budget, which has a unique nature, and "no one will use majority rule to settle this issue" in Parliament.
According to KDP media outlets, KDP Ministers in Iraq, Fuad Hussein and Bangin Rekani, along with the KDP's Deputy Speaker of the Iraqi Parliament, Shakhawan Abdulla, are currently in a meeting with the State Administration Alliance to discuss the KRG's share in the Iraqi budget. The meeting is still in progress.
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Yesterday evening, the family of Zirak Shahid Ali were told that their son had died, with his body located in the Forensic Medical Centre. This development could potentially instigate a new conflict between the KDP and the PUK.
According to Zirak Shahid Ali's family, he was a 41-year-old owner of a small café in Erbil. Yesterday, at around 12:00PM, he was reportedly arrested and taken to the KDP's Assayish (Security) Forces base. "A few hours later, the family was instructed to collect his body from the Erbil Forensic Medical Centre," they stated. The family alleges that his body bears signs of torture and stresses that their son had no disputes with anyone and had no pre-existing medical conditions prior to his arrest.
While the KDP has not yet issued any formal statement regarding this incident, the PUK has seized the opportunity to announce their intention to file a lawsuit against the KDP's Erbil Assayish. Additionally, a forensic team from Sulaymaniyah will be dispatched to Erbil to conduct a further examination of the body. Majid Mohammed Amin, Head of the PUK's Centre in Erbil, declared in a press conference that the PUK has filed a lawsuit and notified the Judicial Council, prosecutor general, interior ministry, and local and international organizations.
Amin has described the incident as "abnormal," pointing out that someone was found dead inside the Assayish headquarters just a few hours after being arrested.
The PUK leader in Erbil did not rule out the possibility of resorting to "Baghdad courts if the Erbil and Kurdistan Region courts are unable to pass judgment on this matter."
The PUK Media has yet to confirm whether Zirak was a member of their party. Amin states that the KDP's Assayish "occasionally arrests our members, and we will no longer tolerate this injustice and the illegal arrests of our members."
The KDP authorities have yet to comment on the incident. Ali is survived by his wife and three children.
This move by the PUK comes just three days after an Erbil court issued a death sentence in absentia to the head of the PUK's Counter Terrorism Group (CTG) and its commanders. The following day, PUK leader Bafel Talabani donned a CTG uniform to express solidarity with those convicted.
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Unicef urges bold measures to safeguard children in conflict zones
Unicef has issued a plea to governments and humanitarian entities worldwide to intensify efforts aimed at protecting children in conflict-ridden areas. This call for action was made during an international conference focused on safeguarding children in armed conflict, held in Oslo on June 5-6, 2023. Norway, Unicef, the International Committee of the Red Cross, and Save the Children hosted the event.
Since 2008, over 9,000 children have reportedly been killed or maimed in Iraq due to conflict, equating to more than one child killed every two days and one child injured daily. These alarming figures, derived from confirmed cases, hint at a potentially higher actual impact.
In a press release issued today, Unicef exhorts governments to enforce and actualize international laws and standards designed to protect children during wartime, hold those responsible for violating children's rights accountable, and expand resources to adequately safeguard children in conflict at the required scale and pace. They also emphasized the necessity for humanitarian actors to invest in policies that prioritize the protection of children in conflict situations.
Across the globe, millions of children have been displaced from their homes, communities, or caregivers and have experienced deep loss of friends or family due to conflict. "Any war is ultimately a war on children," says Unicef Executive Director Catherine Russell, drawing attention to the devastating, life-altering impacts that conflict has on children.
The conference also presented new research from Humanitarian Funding Forecasting, highlighting an imminent funding deficit for child protection efforts. The child protection sector will need $1.05 billion by 2024, which is expected to rise to $1.37 billion by 2026, to sufficiently cater to the protection needs of children in armed conflict. This funding would support critical services such as family reunification, mental health support, and the prevention of recruitment into armed groups. However, if current trends in humanitarian funding persist, there will be a projected shortfall of $835 million in 2024, growing to $941 million by 2026.
In a related development, Amnesty International on Monday urged Iraqi authorities to disclose the fate of at least 643 men and boys who were forcibly disappeared by the state-sanctioned, predominantly Shia Popular Mobilization Units during military operations to retake Fallujah from the Islamic State in 2016. According to a 2016 investigation by Amnesty, the captives were herded onto buses and large trucks by armed men and have not been seen since. Despite the families of the disappeared making relentless efforts over the years to instigate investigations, the authorities have yet to provide answers.
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KRG finance minister discusses ongoing budget negotiations with Baghdad
KRG Finance Minister Awat Janab Noori, has revealed ongoing discussions between top officials from the Kurdistan Region and Baghdad regarding the Iraqi budget. This disclosure took place during his meeting with the Turkish Consul General in Erbil, Memet Mevlut Yakut.
Echoing a statement from Nawzad Hadi, a member of the KDP politburo, Noori also stated that the budget amendments were unexpected, given that the KRG and the Iraqi government had already reached an agreement on the budget, oil export, and the rights and responsibilities of the Kurdistan region.
The KRG has expressed dissatisfaction with the changes implemented by the finance committee, particularly those requiring the KRG to return 10% of its employees' deducted salaries each month. Other adjustments, like the change in how provinces receive their share within the KRG—granting them the right to directly receive a budget from Baghdad during disputes—have also been met with discontent. As a response, the finance minister reiterated that the KRG will not relinquish its constitutional rights and remains committed to honoring its prior agreements with Baghdad, expressing hope for the Iraqi Premier's positive influence in this matter.
Budget-related tensions in Baghdad, however, are not confined to the Iraqi Parliament, as there are ongoing political negotiations between the KDP and Shia groups concerning their preexisting agreements. Hadi pointed out that Shia parties, who were part of the government formation agreement, have revised the budget law without further dialogue. These unexpected changes have taken the KDP by surprise, given their established agreement with the Iraqi government.
In a different vein, Saad Al-Mutalibi a leader from Nouri al-Maliki's State of Law Coalition, claimed that the KRG's share in the Iraqi budget has incited conflicts within the Iraqi parliament. He attributed these disputes to the government's failure to disclose the text of their agreement with the KRG, causing discontent among Iraqi MPs over this lack of transparency.
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World Bank predicts economic contraction for Iraq in 2023
Predictions indicate that Iraq, along with numerous economies in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, will face hurdles in 2023, leading to a predicted economic contraction of -1.1%. These forecasts stem from the World Bank’s "Global Economics Prospect" report and preceding reports by the International Monetary Fund's (IMF) outlook on Iraq.
This arrives as global growth is anticipated to slow from 3.1% in 2022 to 2.1% in 2023. Indermit Gill, the World Bank Group’s Chief Economist and Senior Vice President, cautioned, "The global economy is in a precarious position."
The MENA region, which began 2023 on a strong footing due to robust growth momentum in oil-exporting economies, is predicted to experience a deceleration in growth to 2.2%. This constitutes a downward revision from the World Bank's January predictions. Key contributors to this slowdown encompass the lasting impact of the global pandemic, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, and inflation. A pronounced tightening of monetary policies, implemented to control surging inflation, is another significant factor likely to considerably impact global economic activity.
The World Bank report underscores that economies in the MENA region, including Iraq, continue to be heavily dependent on oil production. This sector accounts for about one-third of output, two-thirds of merchandise exports, and three-quarters of government revenue. Consequently, Iraq is not insulated from the external shocks impacting the oil market.
However, in 2024, the World Bank forecasts a 6% growth in Iraq's economy, followed by a 3.7% growth the subsequent year. These projections hinge upon the possibility that oil prices will escalate amid geopolitical uncertainties globally.
Earlier, the IMF raised alarms over Iraq's dwindling economic growth due to fluctuations in foreign exchange markets and a dip in oil production. A recent 5% decrease in Iraq's oil export forecast for 2023 has contributed to this grim outlook. This decline is partly attributed to Turkey's cessation of oil exports from the Kurdistan Region following a ruling by the ICC International Court of Arbitration in Paris that sided with Iraq. This halt precipitated a financial crisis for the KRG and has substantially diminished Iraq's oil revenue.
The World Bank report also accentuates several risks to the global economic forecast. These include potential dips in external demand due to banking stress or policy tightening in advanced economies, abrupt shifts in commodity prices, escalating violence and social tensions triggered by high unemployment levels in the MENA region, emergent or worsening financial crises, and climate change-induced weather shocks.
Finally, the prospective impacts of climate change in Iraq, especially rising temperatures, present further economic challenges. Such shifts could compromise water availability and crop yields, leading to an estimated 3.9% decline in GDP by 2050.
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Morning briefing
Greetings from London, and a warm afternoon to those joining us from the Kurdistan Region. Here are today's top stories:
- Ambiguity still shrouds the share of the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) in the Iraqi budget and the details of the final agreements on this matter. Despite this uncertainty, the Iraqi Parliament is preparing to vote tomorrow on the proposed budget for fiscal years 2023 to 2025. A segment of Iraqi MPs have voiced dissatisfaction over perceived opacity in the agreements between the KRG and the Iraqi government, while others argue that no changes have been made to the Finance Committee's amendments. We'll be keeping you updated on the budget discussions in Baghdad and the Kurdistan region. Today's cabinet meeting will see the KRG discussing this issue, with the KRG Minister of Finance revealing that negotiations with Baghdad are ongoing.
- Over the past two days, the Deputy KRG PM has expressed unease about the political climate in the Kurdistan Region. This concern could hint at a brewing political standoff between the PUK and KDP, particularly given their ongoing disagreements over the KRG's share in the Iraqi Budget, as well as internal security issues. Despite these concerns, the Deputy PM, known for his more conciliatory stance compared to his brother, Bafel Talabani, the PUK leader, is expected to attend today’s cabinet meeting.
- Yesterday, we provided updates on the suspension of the KRG's oil exports via Turkey. Today, we will delve further into this topic, examining the effects of the suspension on Iraq's economy and its impacts. We will also bring you the latest updates regarding the resumption of oil exports through Turkey.
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